The VOHC Seal: what does it mean?
An independent method has been developed that delivers an impartial assessment of the efficacy of products that claim to help reduce dental plaque or calculus in our pets, as Ana Nemec describes.
Published 08/04/2021
Also available in Français , Deutsch , Italiano and Español
Periodontal disease is the most common infectious disease found in small animals with a prevalence that approaches 80%; prevalence increases with age and diminishes as body size increases – it is much more common in smaller animals compared to those of medium and large size.
Periodontal disease is the most common infectious disease found in small animals.
It has been suggested that periodontal disease can be a major factor in various systemic illnesses including cardiovascular problems, reproductive disorders, liver disease and diabetes.
Various hypotheses have been suggested as to how periodontitis may influence systemic disease but as yet there is no definitive proof of a link.
Periodontal disease can be prevented by meticulous removal of bacterial plaque with tooth brushing and oral hygiene.
Periodontal disease is the most common infectious disease found in small animals with a prevalence that approaches 80% 1; prevalence increases with age and diminishes as body size increases – it is much more common in smaller animals compared to those of medium and large size 1. The periodontium comprises the gingiva, cementum, dental alveolar ligament and alveolar bone, which together contribute to the support of the tooth. Periodontal disease is caused by bacterial plaque, and can be subdivided into two parts: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is a reversible inflammation of the gums, because once the cause (bacterial plaque) has been removed, the inflammation recedes. Periodontitis, on the other hand, is an irreversible inflammatory condition of non-gingival tissue (the alveodental ligament, cementum and alveolar bone) and is assessed by measuring the loss of attachment of the tooth. Periodontitis may be either inactive (quiescent), where there is no evidence of gingival inflammation (and if there has been loss of tooth attachment this may have occurred some time previously), or active, where there is ongoing destruction of tissue (Figure 1). Although it is recognized that periodontitis is an infectious disease, and more than 700 bacterial species have been identified as being capable of colonizing the biofilm of the subgingival sulcus, Koch’s postulates* do not apply 2.
* 1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in an animal suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy animals. 2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in culture. 3. The cultured microorganism should then cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal. 4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from this experimentally infected animal and identified as being identical to the original causative agent.
Gingivitis, even if untreated, does not always result in periodontitis; the development of periodontal disease is in fact determined by an imbalance between the bacterial population and the host immune system. Immune capability, stress, age, nutritional and metabolic status, breed and endocrine disease are all factors that may aid or prevent the progression of periodontal disease. If the disease progresses, the bony destruction and apical migration of the supporting connective tissue will cause loosening and eventual loss of one or more teeth.
Periodontal disease is a focal infection. This concept, introduced more than a century ago, describes a localized, chronic disease, which represents a source of microorganisms, toxins, and products of bacterial and tissue degradation, capable of reaching distant organs and tissues 3. The surface area involved in periodontitis has been measured in affected toy breeds and found to range between 3.18-29.8 cm2 4 and so the area of diseased tissue can represent a considerable proportion of the dog’s total body surface area.
During the development of periodontitis the bacteria present in periodontal pockets can reach the bloodstream, causing bacteremia, and, although in healthy individuals these are intercepted by the reticuloendothelial system 5, the continuous prolonged exposure to bacteremia may be associated with systemic disease associated with distant organs and systems 6 7. The systemic implications of periodontal disease are not, however, limited to the bacterial load. Inflammatory chemical mediators, bacterial endotoxins and toxins from tissue degradation can also be involved, either by direct harmful effects or because they cause immune reactions in organs distant to the oral cavity.
It has been shown that pregnant women with periodontitis are up to 7.5 times more likely to give birth prematurely, and for their babies to have low birthweight. This finding correlates with the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines triggered by circulating bacterial lipoproteins. In some cases periodontopathic bacteria were detected directly within the amniotic fluid 15.
Given that it is difficult to clearly identify the mechanisms that link oral and systemic disease, different hypotheses have been proposed to explain this relationship, namely direct infection, systemic inflammation with endothelial damage, and molecular mimicry between bacterial antigens and autoantigens.
According to this hypothesis periodontitis causes an increase in circulating cytokines which can directly damage the endothelium of blood vessels, leading to the formation of lesions that affect the heart and other internal organs. It has been demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL6 can cause anabolic mutations in myocytes through the activation of intracellular signals leading to myocardial hypertrophy 20. In several studies high levels of CRP have been observed in cases of chronic periodontitis 21 whilst one recent study 22 demonstrated that people who underwent intensive periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing) had significantly reduced elasticity of their brachial artery 24 hours post-therapy when compared to a control group. This was related to the increase in CRP and IL6 during periodontal therapy. However 60 and 180 days after the dental work, the vascular elasticity was significantly greater in the group subjected to periodontal therapy compared to the control group; this increase was attributed to the beneficial effects of the periodontal treatment.
Generally, periodontal disease starts with few or no clinical signs and the main reason for the owner to request an evaluation of the oral cavity is because their pet has developed halitosis. Accurate diagnosis cannot be based solely on visual inspection of the oral cavity; general anesthesia followed by a periodontal examination involving the use of a probe (Figure 2) and intraoral radiography is essential. Various periodontal probes are available but all are designed to allow pocket depth measurement and assessment of gingival hyperplasia or recession. With the probe one can also evaluate the degree of tooth mobility and the presence of furcation lesions in double or triple rooted teeth (Figure 3). The probe should be gently introduced into the gingival sulcus (Figures 4-5), ideally evaluating 4-6 points around the circumference of each tooth; apparently healthy buccal teeth may have deep pockets either palatally or lingually. All observations must be recorded on a dental chart in order to provide an overall assessment.
At present there is no unequivocal evidence of a direct relationship between periodontal disease and systemic effects, even though there are various hypotheses that explain the relationship between the two conditions. However, much evidence suggests that periodontal disease may promote and maintain inflammation in organs distant to the mouth, and that even in the early stages of periodontitis the body can react with the synthesis of acute phase proteins, thereby demonstrating the stimulation of a systemic disease induced by inflammation within the oral cavity.
The health of the periodontium is not only important for the maintenance of the teeth. Periodontal disease can have a significant impact on overall health and may be responsible for morbidity and mortality, especially in certain susceptible dog breeds. Preventive measures such as oral hygiene, the use of chew toys, and the feeding of products specifically designed to reduce the accumulation of bacterial plaque and calculus should be considered when managing periodontitis. Dental health food products typically consist of a kibble with a conformation and structure that deliver a mechanical abrasive action, but some products also contain sodium polyphosphate which will chelate the salivary calcium, slowing the mineralization of plaque and consequently the formation of tartar. These foods may therefore be recommended as an aid in a general plan to reduce the risk of periodontal disease.
Alessandro De Simoi
Alessandro De Simoi, Clinica Veterinaria Feltrina, Feltre, Italy Read more
An independent method has been developed that delivers an impartial assessment of the efficacy of products that claim to help reduce dental plaque or calculus in our pets, as Ana Nemec describes.
Detection of dental disease requires an initial oral examination, followed by a definitive oral examination under general anesthesia.
Dental care is necessary to promote optimal health and quality of life, but the most visible part of the tooth...
Damaged teeth are common but often go unnoticed, or the consequences are ignored or at best underestimated.