์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™ ์ €๋„
์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™ ์ €๋„

๋ฐœํ–‰ํ˜ธ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 29.1 ์‹ฌ์žฅํ•™

How I approach... Heart murmurs in kittens

์ถœ๊ฐ„์ผ 14/03/2019

์ €์ž Meg M. Sleeper ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Camden Rouben

์„ ํƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์–ธ์–ด Français , Deutsch , Italiano , Português , Español ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  English

์ž„์ƒ ์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Meg Sleeper์™€ Camden Rouben์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฆ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

How I approach... Heart murmurs in kittens

Key Points

์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์žก์Œ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.


์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์œ„์น˜, ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.


์‹ฌ์Œ ์ฒญ์ง„์€ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.


์ž„์ƒ ์ง•ํ›„, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆํ›„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”๋ฒ•์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค.



Cardiac auscultation should be methodical and all four heart valve areas should be evaluated.



The chosen therapy will depend on the clinical signs, investigative tests and diagnosis/prognosis.


์„œ๋ก 

1์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ข…์ข… ์ดˆ์ง„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…, ํ’ˆ์ข… ์„ ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋‚ด์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์ด ๊ฐ์ง€๋˜๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž„์ƒ ์ง•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ํ›„ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž์— ๊ฒŒ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž„์ƒ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ขฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์‹ฌ์žฅ ์žก์Œ์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์œ„ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ์™€๋ฅ˜ (turbulent blood flow)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ŒํŒŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์€ ํ˜ˆ์••์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์‹ฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด ์ฒญ์ง„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ฒญ์ง„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค(์˜ˆ: ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋™๋งฅ๊ด€ ๊ฐœ์กด์ฆ[reversed PDA]). ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์–‘์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ1์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ปท๋Š”๋‹ค.

Meg M. Sleeper

  ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜ธํก ๊ณค๋ž€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ‰๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ดฌ์˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Meg M. Sleeper

ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์ด ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์ฆ์„ธ, ์šด๋™ ๋ถˆ๋‚ด์„ฑ, ํ•œ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘, ํœด์‹ ์‹œ ํ˜ธํก๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ํ˜ธํก ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ—ˆํƒˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ตฌ์ถฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€(ํŠนํžˆ ํ์„ ์ถฉ)์™€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ ค๋ฌ˜์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋ฌ˜๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ฌ˜์— ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋”์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. 

์‹ ์ฒด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ

์‹ฌ์žก์Œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๋ถ€ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์ฒญ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๋ถ€ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๋ถ€ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฐ• ๋ฐ ๋งฅ๋ฐ• ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ„์Šค๋Š” ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ •์ƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์–ด ์ง„๋‹ค(๊ณผ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ ๋งฅ๋ฐ• ๋˜๋Š” ๋„์•ฝ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์ด๋ผ ์ผ์ปซ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•จ). ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ (์‹ฌ๋‚ญ ์‚ผ์ถœ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ๋ณ‘์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด) ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์™„๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋„์•ฝ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” (๋™๋งฅ๊ด€ ๊ฐœ์กด์ฆ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด) ์ด์™„๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค.

์‹ฌ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜์™€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„œํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ถ„ ์œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋นˆ๋งฅ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์‹ค์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ฌ์ „๋„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์น˜์€, ์™ธ์Œ๋ถ€, ์†๋ฐœํ†ฑ ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ๋ง‰์˜ ์ƒ‰์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ์ ๋ง‰์€ ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰์„ ๋ ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ์„ธ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์žฌ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 2์ดˆ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋นˆํ˜ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ๋ง‰์ด ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์ฆ์€ ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋‚ด ์…˜ํŠธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์…˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ๋ง‰์ด ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์„ ๋จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์ฆ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ •๋งฅํ˜ˆ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ(central venous admixture), ์ฆ‰ Fallot์˜ 4์ง•ํ›„(Tetralogy of Fallot)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์…˜ํŠธ, ์ฆ‰ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋™๋งฅ๊ด€ ๊ฐœ์กด์ฆ(reversed PDA)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์ฆ (segmental/differential cyanosis)์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์ฆ์ด๋ž€ ์ƒ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ ๋ง‰์€ ์ž˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ (์ฆ‰, ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰) ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€์™€ ์™ธ์Œ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์€ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์ฆ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์ด๋‹ค.

ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ˜ธํก๋ฅ ๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ํ๋ถ€์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ํ‰๋ง‰ ์‚ผ์ถœ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž„์ƒ ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด 3๋ฉด(์–‘์ชฝ ์™ธ์ธก ๋ฐ ๋ณต๋ฐฐ์ธก) ํ‰๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ดฌ์˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1-3). ์šฐ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋น„๋Œ€์ฆ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์ „์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ •๋งฅ ์šธํ˜ˆ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ •๋งฅ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์€ ์šฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ 1์— ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ์†์„ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Figure 1. Normal lateral (a) and ventrodorsal (b) thoracic radiographs of a young cat. Three-view thoracic radiographs should be considered if any clinical signs referable to the respiratory system are noted in a patient.ยฉ Camden Rouben

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ์ •์ƒ์ธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ์™ธ์ธก(a) ๋ฐ ๋ณต๋ฐฐ์ธก(b) ํ‰๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„. ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉด 3๋ฉด ํ‰๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ดฌ์˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. © Camden Rouben

Figure 2. Lateral (a) and VD (b) radiographs of an 8-month-old kitten that presented with a two-day history of coughing and hiding away. The lateral view shows an abnormally enlarged, oval cardiac silhouette with elevation of the trachea. The VD view shows a markedly enlarged cardiac silhouette with distinct borders which are in contact with both left and right thoracic walls. A peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia was diagnosed.ยฉ Camden Rouben

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2.  ์ดํ‹€๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์นจ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆจ์–ด ์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ 8๊ฐœ์›” ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ์™ธ์ธก(a) ๋ฐ ๋ณต๋ฐฐ์ธก(b) ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„. ์™ธ์ธก ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋Œ€ํ•ด์ง„ ํƒ€์›ํ˜• ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ์ƒ์Šน๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€(trachea) ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ณต๋ฐฐ์ธก ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ฐ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ํ‰๋ฒฝ ์–‘์ชฝ์— ์ ‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋Œ€๋œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋ณต๋ง‰์‹ฌ๋ง‰์„ฑ ํšก๊ฒฉ๋ง‰ ํƒˆ์žฅ(peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia)์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. © Camden Rouben

Figure 3. Lateral (a) and VD (b) radiographs of a young domestic shorthair cat that presented with an increased respiratory rate and effort. On the lateral projection, the cardiac silhouette is moderately enlarged with an elongated contour and rounded cranial margin. On the VD projection, the cardiac silhouette is wide (i.e., "valentine" heart shape). The distribution of the unstructured interstitial to alveolar pulmonary pattern is most indicative of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The cat was diagnosed with left atrial enlargement and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy on echocardiogram.ยฉ Camden Rouben

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. ํ˜ธํก ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ํ˜ธํก ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๋„๋ฉ”์Šคํ‹ฑ ์‡ผํŠธํ—ค์–ด ์ž๋ฌ˜์˜ ์™ธ์ธก(a) ๋ฐ ๋ณต๋ฐฐ์ธก(b) ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„. ์™ธ์ธก ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ์œค๊ณฝ์„ ์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋‘ฅ๊ธ€๊ณ , ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„๋กœ ๋น„๋Œ€๋œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณต๋ฐฐ์ธก ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์€ ๋„“์€ ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘(์ฆ‰, ๋ฐœ๋ Œํƒ€์ธ ํ•˜ํŠธ ๋ชจ์–‘) ์ด๋‹ค. ํํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ฐ„์งˆ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋น„๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์‹ฌ์ธ์„ฑ ํ๋ถ€์ข…์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ขŒ์‹ฌ๋ฐฉ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๋น„๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ์‡„์„ฑ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ๋ณ‘์ฆ(hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, HOCM)์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. © Camden Rouben

 

ํ‘œ 1.  ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๊ฒฐ์† 4๊ฐ€์ง€ 2.
  • ์‹ฌ์‹ค ์ค‘๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฐ์†(๋ง‰์„ฑ ์ค‘๊ฒฉ)
  • ํŒ๋ง‰ํ•˜๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ
  • ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅํŒํ˜‘์ฐฉ/ํ๋™๋งฅํŒํ˜‘์ฐฉ
  • ํ๋™๋งฅํ˜‘์ฐฉ

 

์‹ฌ์žก์Œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

 

Figure 4. Cardiac auscultation is a skill honed with practice. Whilst kittens can be very challenging to evaluate, all four cardiac valve areas should be carefully auscultated.ยฉ Shutterstock

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ฒญ์ง„์€ ์ž„์ƒ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ์ง„ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. © Shutterstock

์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ฒญ์ง„์€ ์ˆ˜์˜๋Œ€ ๊ณผ์ • ๋™์•ˆ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ž„์ƒ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆœ์ˆœํžˆ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฒญ์ง„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ์ง„์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์‹์„ ๋จน์ด๋ฉด์„œ, ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์†์— ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒญ์ง„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํƒœํ”„๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•œ๋‹ค. 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ํŒ๋ง‰์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ฒญ์ง„์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4). ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ(S1๊ณผ S2)๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฒญ์ง„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„ํ”„๋žจ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ฐœ๊ตฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ(Gallop sound)๋Š” ์ด์™„๊ธฐ(S3๊ณผ S4) ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ด๊ณ  ์ฒญ์ง„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฒจ ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.

Camden Rouben

  ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋“ค์€ ์ข€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒญ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ผผ๊ผผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ์ง„์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Camden Rouben

 

์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์ด ์ฒญ์ง„๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฐ๋ณ„ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒญ์ง„๋œ ์‹ฌ์žก์Œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค(ํ‘œ 2).

Table 2. Characteristics of a heart murmur.
Timing Location Grading/Intensity
โ€ข Systolic
โ€ข Diastolic
โ€ข Continuous
โ€ข Apical (left, right)
โ€ข Basilar (left, right)
โ€ข Parasternal (left, right)
โ€ข I/VI
โ€ข II/VI
โ€ข III/VI
โ€ข IV/VI
โ€ข V/VI
โ€ข VI/VI

  • The first characteristic is timing (i.e., during which portion of the cardiac cycle is the murmur occurring?). Murmurs that occur between S1 and S2 are systolic murmurs. Murmurs that occur between S2 and the next S1 are diastolic murmurs. Murmurs that occur throughout systole and diastole are continuous murmurs. Because of the rapid heart rate in many kittens, differentiating systolic from diastolic murmurs can be challenging. However, diastolic murmurs are uncommon in small animals.
     
  • The second characteristic is location (i.e., where on the thorax is the point of maximal intensity (PMI) of the murmur? [left vs. right, and then apical vs. basilar vs. parasternal]). If a precordial thrill is palpable, it will be present at the PMI ( Figure 5 ).
     
  • The third characteristic is grading the intensity of the murmur (i.e., how loud is the murmur?). Murmurs are graded from I-VI. The grade of a murmur essentially refers to how intense it is; E.g., grade I refers to a murmur so faint that it can be heard only with special effort, whereas a grade VI murmur is so loud that it is audible with the stethoscope just removed from contact with the chest wall. Murmurs that produce a precordial thrill, or are diastolic or continuous, are always pathologic and are best evaluated with echocardiography 3.

Figure 5. Cardiac auscultation should be over the anatomic locations of all four cardiac valves. The best location to identify each valve is shown (2).ยฉ Sandrine Fontรจgn
Figure 5. Cardiac auscultation should be over the anatomic locations of all four cardiac valves. The best location to identify each valve is shown (2).ยฉ Sandrine Fontรจgn

 

Key; RA = right atrium; RV = right ventricle; LA = left atrium; LV = left ventricle; AO = aorta; PA = pulmonary artery
Valve Anatomical site
Mitral (M) 5th left intercostal space at costochondral junction
Tricuspid (T) Between right 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces just above the costochondral junction
Aortic (A) Between left 4th and 5th intercostal spaces just above the costochondral junction
Pulmonic (P) Between left 2nd and 3rd intercostal spaces just above the sternum

 

Diagnostics

Based on the character of the murmur and the patient’s clinical status, recommendations can be made for diagnostics and/or therapeutics. If the patient is clinically unstable or in respiratory distress, initial stabilization is recommended before diagnostics are performed, with the possible exception of thoracic radiographs. Definitive diagnosis of the underlying cause of the murmur requires a complete echocardiogram. Obtaining an echocardiogram enables the clinician to quickly understand the etiology of the murmur, determine if intervention is necessary, and develop a prognosis for the patient.

However, it is unrealistic to assume every kitten with a murmur will undergo a complete echocardiographic evaluation. If the murmur is < grade III/VI or is intermittent (i.e., it varies with heart rate and/or is not present at every examination), it is reasonable to recommend that the kitten be followed throughout its vaccine sequence for persistence of the murmur. Obtaining blood to run a packed cell volume can be a quick, inexpensive test to rule out anemia if the kitten has pale mucous membranes. If the patient is anemic, the cause of the anemia should be investigated and then corrected. When the packed cell volume is corrected the patient should be re-evaluated to assess whether the murmur still exists. A serum NT-proBNP test can be useful, particularly in cases where an echocardiogram is not an option. In a patient with a serum NT-proBNP of greater than 100 pmol/L, heart disease is more likely, whereas in a patient with a normal serum NT-proBNP (less than 100 pmol/L) heart disease is unlikely and the murmur is more likely to be benign 4.

As previously mentioned, thoracic radiographs should be considered if the patient is exhibiting abnormal respiratory signs. If an owner declines definitive diagnostics, they should be alerted to monitor for the development of signs consistent with progression of heart disease, i.e., signs of heart failure such as dyspnea or tachypnea.

Therapy and management

The possible therapeutic options, and therefore the discussion with the owner, are entirely dependent on the definitive diagnosis and echocardiographic findings. Medical management should be initiated in kittens with evidence of congestive heart failure unless the owners elect euthanasia. Other abnormalities that warrant medical management include tachy- or bradyarrhythmias, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, and severe pulmonary hypertension.

In kittens with congestive heart failure, furosemide and an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor are regarded as the first line of treatment. The use of spironolactone and pimobendan should be considered in refractory cases or if the underlying disease is likely to benefit from these medications; for example, pimobendan is warranted in patients with evidence of systolic dysfunction. Typical doses are given in Table 3 . The use of sildenafil should be considered in kittens with evidence of severe pulmonary hypertension. Atenolol can be considered for control of severe dynamic outflow tract obstruction, and some arrhythmias ( Figure 6 ), but it should not be started in patients exhibiting signs of congestive heart failure. For specific antiarrhythmic therapy, the reader is referred to one of the various review articles or book chapters for a complete discussion on determining when therapy is warranted and how to choose the best drug.

Figure 6. An ECG trace (25 mm/sec; 10 mm/mV) showing leads I, II and III from a cat demonstrating a ventricular premature contraction (VPC). Note the wide, irregular QRS complex.ยฉ Meg Sleeper
Figure 6. An ECG trace (25 mm/sec; 10 mm/mV) showing leads I, II and III from a cat demonstrating a ventricular premature contraction (VPC). Note the wide, irregular QRS complex.ยฉ Meg Sleeper

Table 3. Common cardiac drugs and dosages. 

Furosemide 1-2 mg/kg IV, IM or PO (dosing frequency depends on route of administration)
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor 0.5 mg/kg PO S/BID
Spironolactone 1-2 mg/kg PO S/BID
Pimobendan 0.25-0.3 mg/kg PO BID
Sildenafil 1-2 mg/kg PO TID
Atenolol 6.25-12.5 mg per cat PO SID-BID

 

Some heart conditions may lend themselves to specific intervention. Catheter-based interventional procedures have been employed to effectively treat cats with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and pulmonic stenosis. However, surgical management via thoracotomy or thoracoscopy is more readily available for PDA ligations, vascular ring anomalies, and pericardial defects, and these approaches are as effective as the minimally invasive alternatives. Less common procedures, such as pulmonary arterial banding, have been effectively used to reduce shunting in cats with ventricular septal defects, and as cardiac bypass becomes more available in veterinary medicine, definitive surgical correction may become a reality for more of these patients.

It is not uncommon to detect a heart murmur in a kitten, and the clinician should have a systematic approach to such cases. A good history and thorough clinical examination are crucial in determining the next steps. Thoracic radiography can be useful for an initial assessment of a patient, but definitive diagnosis of the underlying cause of the murmur requires an echocardiogram, and this is recommended for murmurs that are grade 4 or above, or if there are clinical signs on examination. Therapy depends entirely on a definitive diagnosis.

References

  1. Fox PR, Sisson DD, Moise NS. The Physical Examination.In: Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology 2nd ed. London, WB Saunders, 1999; 52-59.
  2. Schrope D. Prevalence of congenital heart disease in 76,301 mixed-breed dogs and 57,025 mixed-breed cats. J Vet Cardiol 2015;17:192-202.
  3. Cote E, Edwards NJ, Ettinger S, et al. Management of incidentally detected heart murmurs in dogs and cats. J Vet Cardiol 2015;17:245-261.
  4. Scansen B, Schneider M, Bonagura J. Sequential segmental classification of feline congenital heart disease. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17:S10-S52.
Meg M. Sleeper

Meg M. Sleeper

Dr. Sleeper graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School cum laude and after becoming board-certified worked in the universityโ€™s cardiology ๋” ์ฝ๊ธฐ

Camden Rouben

Camden Rouben

Rouben ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™ ๊ต์œก ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅํ•™ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ์ฝ๊ธฐ

์ด๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ

๋ฐœํ–‰ํ˜ธ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 29.1 ์ถœ๊ฐ„์ผ 20/06/2019

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์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ Ingrid Johnson